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Balatan Risks and Vulnerabilities
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Balatan is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, including increased temperatures, reduced rainfall, a greater number of hot days, and more frequent extreme rainfall events. This susceptibility is heightened by the area’s exposure to natural hazards such as landslides, floods, and droughts, as well as its dependence on climate-sensitive resources. Shifts in rainfall patterns and temperature directly affect the municipality and pose significant risks to vital services and industries, including forestry, energy, agriculture, mining, tourism, biodiversity, and other resource-based livelihoods.

The increased risks of landslides, flooding, and drought resulting from climate change threaten not only Balatan’s natural ecosystems but also its economy and the well-being of its residents. As these hazards intensify, essential services and industries are likely to face greater challenges, potentially disrupting resource availability and straining local infrastructure and emergency response systems. Proactive adaptation measures are essential to safeguard the municipality’s resources, support sustainable livelihoods, and build resilience against future climate impacts.

The two major hazards that the municipality has to deal with are flooding and landslides.

Balatan’s exposure to flood

Flooding typically occurs due to intense rainfall, overwhelming natural watercourses such as rivers and creeks, which are unable to handle the excess water. The most severely affected barangays include Coguit, Duran, Laganac, Lulucan, Pararao, and Siramag, where susceptibility to flood risks is high and increasing. Additionally, Barangay Camangahan experiences flooding when rainfall exceeds 180 mm in a single day, with a sudden onset and moderate to low susceptibility. Due to their unpredictable nature and short duration, floods pose a significant threat to these areas.

Population exposure

Barangay Duran, with 50.23 hectares of residential area at risk of flooding, has the highest population density (5,699 people) among flood-prone areas. It is followed by Barangay Coguit (37.34 hectares), Siramag (18.56 hectares), Laganac (18.25 hectares), Luluasan (13.41 hectares), Pararao (4.21 hectares), and Camangahan (1.90 hectares). Barangay Luluasan has the highest rate of informal settlers at 34.26%, while Siramag has 2.28% of residents living in dwellings made from light or salvageable materials. Barangay Camangahan reports 100% of households living below the poverty threshold.
Approximately 50% of residents have access to financial services like GSIS, SSS, and Card Bank. Barangay Laganac has the lowest PhilHealth coverage at 0.15%. The LGU compound is equipped with an Early Warning Device (EWD) and benefits from strong communication links. Additionally, LGU Balatan maintains an efficient disaster database system.
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Urban use areas exposure

Urban land uses at risk of flooding include agri-industrial, commercial, institutional, residential, parks, and recreational areas. Only two of the 17 barangays, Duran and Siramag, are classified as urban. Currently, none of these areas have access to infrastructure for hazard mitigation or alternative sites, and all property owners—both residential and non-residential—lack property insurance. Residents of Barangays Duran and Siramag, who are vulnerable to flooding, have indicated a willingness to relocate if supported by local government assistance.
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Natural resource-based porduction areas exposure

A total of 184.32 hectares of agricultural land are at risk of flooding, including crops such as rice, corn, vegetables, coconut, banana, and mangrove, with a potential economic loss estimated at ₱17,367,748.48. Affected areas support 676 dependent households, of which only 10% have access to alternative livelihoods. Among barangays with production areas, just 18% have access to critical information, and only 10% are covered by post-disaster economic protection measures.
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Critical point facilities exposure

Critical point facilities are man-made structures that can cause serious harm, significant property damage, or disruption of essential socioeconomic activities if compromised. Barangays Duran and Siramag have the highest number of exposed facilities, including barangay halls, health centers, birthing facilities, chapels, covered courts, day care centers, dental clinics, schools, multipurpose halls, evacuation centers, terminals, slaughterhouses, plazas, and water refilling stations. While most of these structures utilize hazard-resistant designs, they remain uninsured, heightening the risk to community safety and resilience.
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Lifeline utilities exposure

Seventeen (17) barangays with lifeline utilities are vulnerable to flooding, including Duran, Caycogoc, Coguit, Laganac, Camangahan, Luluasan, Pararao, and Siramag. A total of 11 roads are at risk, comprising 6 barangay roads, 2 municipal roads, 2 provincial roads, and 1 national road. Notably, none of these roads have damage insurance. While they are constructed of concrete, are in good condition, and designed to withstand hazards, damage repairs are typically funded through the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) or municipal and provincial budgets. In addition to the roads, power utilities and communication facilities funded by private entities are also susceptible to flooding. Furthermore, line canals, water facilities, and box culverts face similar exposure risks, underscoring the need for enhanced resilience measures in these critical infrastructures.
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Balatan’s exposure to landslide

Landslide hazards are exacerbated by the steep slopes of Balatan’s hilly terrain, combined with weathered soils and heavy rainfall, creating serious slope stability concerns. Barangays such as Cabannaban, Cabungan, Cayogcog, Laganac, Pulang Daga, and Tomatarayo are particularly prone to rain-induced landslides, with a sudden onset and high vulnerability. Barangays with high susceptibility to these landslides also include Camangahan, Coguit, Duran, Luluasan, Montenegro, Pararao, Sagrada, San Francisco, Santiago, and Tapayas. These barangays are highly vulnerable to landslide events, especially during periods of intense rainfall

Population exposure

Out of the 17 barangays in the municipality, 16 are at risk of rain-induced landslides. Barangay Duran, which has the largest residential area exposed to landslides at 50.23 hectares, also has the highest population density, with 5,699 residents. Following Duran, Barangay Coguit is exposed to 37.34 hectares, Barangay Tapayas to 21.21 hectares, Barangay Laganac to 18.25 hectares, Barangay Luluasan to 13.41 hectares, Barangay Pulang Daga to 11.04 hectares, Barangay Sagrada to 9.62 hectares, Barangay Cayogcog to 9.57 hectares, Barangay Cabanbanan to 8.59 hectares, Barangay San Francisco to 8.53 hectares, Barangay Cabungan to 7.76 hectares, Barangay Tomatarayo to 4.74 hectares, Barangay Pararao to 4.21 hectares, Barangay Montenegro to 4.02 hectares, Barangay Santiago to 3.66 hectares, and Barangay Camangahan to 1.9 hectares.According to Table 3.6, Barangay Coguit has the highest percentage of informal settlers at approximately 17.65% among those exposed to landslides. It also leads with 5.58% of the population living in dwelling units constructed with light or salvageable materials. In contrast, Barangay Laganac has the highest proportion of households living below the poverty threshold, at 84.56%. Barangay Pararao shows significant challenges, with the highest percentages of young and elderly dependents (26.22%) and malnourished individuals (1.22%). Approximately 50% of the population has access to financial institutions such as GSIS, SSS, Card Bank, and others. However, five barangays exposed to landslide risks—Cayogcog, Sagrada, Santiago, Tapayas, and Tomatarayo—lack coverage under PhilHealth. The Local Government Unit (LGU) compound is equipped with an Early Warning Device (EWD), and there is excellent communication connectivity within the community. Additionally, LGU Balatan has developed an effective disaster database system. Households exposed to landslides face significant challenges in relocating or retrofitting their homes due to limited resources. Furthermore, the long-term development of relocation sites for informal settlers will require additional funding beyond what is currently allocated by the government.
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Urban use areas exposure

Out of 17 barangays, 15 are exposed to landslide risks, with several key facilities likely to be affected. These include 3 covered courts, 10 barangay halls, 10 barangay health centers, 15 chapels or churches, 18 schools, 11 daycare centers, 1 evacuation center, and 13 multipurpose halls. The majority of these buildings are in good condition and are designed with hazard-resistant features. However, it is important to note that none of these facilities currently have insurance coverage. For risk reduction, local government resources are available, but these can be enhanced with additional support from regional and national resources.
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Natural resource-based porduction areas exposure

A total of 979.601 hectares are at risk of rain-induced landslides, with crops including rice, corn, vegetables, coconut, banana, and mangrove plantations. The potential economic loss from these landslides is estimated at ₱87,566,906.03. There are 1,938 dependent households or families living in the affected areas. Currently, 80% of all production areas lack irrigation facilities, and 23% have no access to impounding water. Additionally, 40% of the production areas do not utilize sustainable farming techniques, and none are protected by hazard mitigation measures.Furthermore, only 10% of dependent households have access to alternative livelihoods, and similarly, only 10% of production areas are covered by post-disaster economic support.
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Critical point facilities exposure

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Lifeline utilities exposure

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Balatan’s risk to flood

The municipality of Balatan faces significant flood risks across multiple sectors, impacting residents, urban areas, natural resources, critical facilities, and essential infrastructure. Barangays Coguit, Duran, Luluasan, and Siramag have very high flood risks, affecting thousands due to their high exposure and limited protective measures, while Laganac and Pararao are also at high risk. Urban land use areas in Siramag and several zones in Duran are highly vulnerable, and most agricultural areas face moderate flood risk, with Duran and Laganac’s vegetable and corn production areas particularly exposed.

Population risk

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Urban use areas risk

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Natural resource-based porduction areas risk

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Critical point facilities risk

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Lifeline utilities risk

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Balatan’s risk to landslide

Balatan faces significant landslide risks across its population, land use areas, natural resources, critical facilities, and infrastructure. Barangays like Cabanbanan, Cabungan, Cayogcog, Laganac, Pulang Daga, and Tomatarayo are particularly vulnerable due to steep terrains, with additional barangays like Camangahan, Coguit, and Lulahasan at high risk from environmental and demographic factors. High-risk zones include agricultural and natural resource production areas, especially in barangays such as Camangahan and Pararao.

Population risk

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Urban use areas risk

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Natural resource-based porduction areas risk

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Critical point facilities risk

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Lifeline utilities risk

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BALATAN TOTAL POPULATION: 30,669

TOTAL NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLD: 6,464

TOTAL NUMBER OF BARANGAYS: 17

HazardsAffected bgys.Low risk - no. of individualsMedium risk - no if individualsHigh risk - no. of individualsTotal affected
1. Flood719,586
2. Landslide1622,885
3. Typhoon
4. Tsunami
5. Storm surge
6. Earthquake
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NDRRM
National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council

PAGASA
Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration

DENR
Department of Environment and Natural Resources

DOST
Department of Science and Technology

UNDRR
UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction

IPCC
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

UNDP
United Nations Development Programme

The World Bank / CCKP
World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal

ADPC
Asian Disaster Preparedness Center

EOS
Earth Observatory of Singapore

UPRI
University of the Philippines Resilience Institute

RCCC
Red Cross and Red Crescent Climate Centre

Oxfam International

Plan International

PreventionWeb

ReliefWeb